A person once said, “These are the times that try men’s souls.” One today reading those words would think that the reference was made regarding 2020 and not referring to America’s struggle for independence from England written in 1776. Indeed, it is trying times we are living in. Living in a time of Coronavirus, riots, stock market fluctuations, employment uncertainty or for some unemployment, etc., our Presidential election is currently underway due to Coronavirus and “Election Day” will be this Tuesday. In regard to the U.S. President, “there can be only one.” That means there will be some disappointed and others jubilant of the results when (or whenever) the winner is determined. As New Testament Christians we should be concerned with who our government leaders are. However, as New Testament Christians when facing the things previously mentioned or facing the “normal” trials of life (whatever that means now), we must remember God is on His Throne, He is in control, and He is still God.

We must remember God is on His Throne in Times of Joy. Exodus Chapter 14 records the Israelites crossing the Red Sea after leaving Egyptian bondage. The Red Sea was divided by the Lord allowing Israel to cross. Pharaoh’s soldiers pursued after Israel but were drown in the sea after the Lord “overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea” Exodus 14:27. Exodus Chapter 15 is the Song of Moses after the Lord and Israel’s victory. As expressed in verse 18 of that chapter “The Lord shall reign for ever and ever.” A time of victory, a time of celebration, a time of joy, and God is on His throne. We must remember that during times of joy and celebration, God is on His throne.

We must remember God is on His Throne in Times of Trouble. Psalm 10 expresses the writer’s great distress due to the wickedness of people that resulted in bringing much sorrow and misery to the poor and oppressed of the land. As the psalmist wonders why God does not intervene in the situation, he expresses the truth “The Lord is King for ever and ever,” 10:16. Jehovah is not an earthly king, He is an eternal King. Being deity God will live forever and He is on His throne just as long as He lives, forever and ever. When we see the sorrow, misery, and sadness brought to others by wicked, godless people, we must remember that God is on His throne. He is ruling now and throughout eternity.

We must remember God is on His Throne in Times of Trials and Persecution. The book of Revelation is a wonderful book worthy of our diligent study and application of those things we read and study in this book. (cf. 1:3) The book of Revelation was written to those who were suffering persecution in the first century. Revelation 4:1-2 we read, “…I heard was as it were of a trumpet talking with me, which said, Come up hither, and I will shew thee things which must be hereafter. And immediately I was in the spirit: and behold, a throne was set in heaven, and one sat on the throne.” Chapter 4:8 we learn that the one sitting on the throne is God. God is letting His children know that He is not only concerned about the wellbeing of His children, but He is a God who is in control. His throne is “set” in the heavens, suggesting stability and determination. Christians from Pentecost day have suffered persecution in one form or another (2 Timothy 3:12). We must remember that in the days or years ahead, should persecutions increase against God’s children, God is on His throne and He in control.

Because of the reign of God, we must obey Him, we must live for Him, and we must prepare for eternity, because some day we will stand before the King of Kings in judgment.

 -Jerry D. Sturgill

Revelation 17:14, “Hallelujah: for the Lord our God, the Almighty, reigneth.” (ASV)

            Last month we discussed the archaeological evidence present on the islands of Cyprus and Crete that point to Phoenician colonization and trade. This article will examine the farthest reaches of the Mediterranean world and show that Phoenicians were settling and trading in areas as far away as North Africa, Sardinia, and Spain. The city-states that made up the Phoenicians were vital to trade in the ancient world, notice the many nations God mentioned that were trade partners with them (Ez. 27:3-25). This was not a small trade network, but a vast and intricate web that spun throughout the Mediterranean.

            One of the most famous Phoenician colonies was Carthage. Tyrian colonists settled Carthage around 800 B.C., but the Phoenicians may have been traveling to this region earlier, due to cattle bones found that predate the founding of the city. The similarities between the Phoenicians and Carthaginians are overwhelming. Both the Phoenicians and Carthaginians worshipped Baal and the other Canaanite deities (1 Kgs. 16:31). The most extraordinary connection is that archaeology has unearthed strange religious structures that many believe to be Tophets, which were altars used to sacrifice children. The Bible describes these objects, but none have been found in Palestine (2 Kgs. 23:10; Jer. 7:31). The Tophets at Carthage housed several pots that contained the burnt bones of different children. After the Phoenician city-states fell to Nebuchadnezzar, Carthage became its own entity. It stood as a world power until the Romans destroyed Carthage after the Punic Wars.

             Sardinia is a large island to the West of Italy. On this island an artifact was unearthed called the Nora Stone. This stone is an ancient stele dated to the 9^th-8^th century B.C. and is the oldest Phoenician inscription found on Sardinia. The dating is accurate because the style and letters used is similar to other stele’s found in Palestine that date to this period. The message of the stele is still unknown, but the majority of the text has been deciphered. The two leading theories for its purpose is that it was a memorial to a Phoenician conquest or commemoration for a temple to a Phoenician god. What is bizarre with this stone is that within its text it mentioned Tarshish, which the Bible mentions several times as well (Ez. 27:12, 25; Jon. 1:1-3). In fact, Solomon sent ships to Tarshish with Hiram king of Tyre every 3 years to trade (2 Chr. 9:21). When God destroyed Tyre and Sidon, Tarshish would lament because it had gained much wealth from Phoenician trade (Is. 23). Was Sardinia close to the Biblical Tarshish?

West of Sardinia is southern Spain and archaeologists have discovered that the Phoenicians were in fact trading here as early as the 9^th century B.C. Phoenician colonies were set up near the Straits of Gibraltar, Ibiza, and other locations and were like factories used to work and store minerals exploited from the region. Not only did the Phoenicians inhabit this area, but they also traded with the indigenous people. Sites such as Sant-Jaume and Aldovesta are testaments to how Phoenician trade shaped Spanish culture. A 36-piece tableware set used for feasting was found at Sant-Jaume. The majority of the cups and vessels in this set were Phoenician in origin, signifying that the locals quickly incorporated Phoenician goods into their own. Also, evidence of a Middle-East practice of spicing wine with honey has been found, which was not present in Spain until Phoenician trade was established. The question that has baffled scholars for decades is did the Phoenicians go farther than Spain? Philip Beale, a British naval adventurer, recently built and sailed a replica Phoenician ship from Tunisia (Carthage) to the Dominican Republic. What this expedition proved is that the ancient Phoenicians could travel across the open seas and may have been the first to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

-Brandon Foresha

The period of Israel’s history immediately following the death of Moses was filled with transition. Israel had to make the transition to a new leader and go into a new land, trusting God would deliver the inhabitants, the Canaanites, into their hands. Joshua was the successor of Moses (Josh. 1:5). He is first introduced in Exodus 17 where he fought the Amalekites at Rephidim. The book that bears his name relates the history of Israel in their conquest of Canaan, the land God promised to them. God’s people had their shortcomings, they often lacked faith, yet they were successful in major military campaigns against the people of Canaan because of their God (Josh. 12:1-24). Joshua displayed good leadership (Josh. 1:16-18). He followed God’s commands, was sensitive to the offense the nation’s sins were to God (Josh. 7:25), and exhorted the people to do the same (Josh. 24:15). With a man as great as Moses passing from this earthly life, the nation of Israel could have been in great jeopardy, but, thankfully, Joshua had been prepared in such a way that the transition went well. Joshua led Israel to follow God. This was God’s plan; He commissioned Joshua, filled with the spirit of wisdom, to take on the responsibilities of the role Moses had filled (Num. 27:18-23; Deut. 1:38; 31:3, 7, 23; 34:9).

Glimpses of the preparation for this transition are seen in the life of Joshua before it came to fruition. His leadership in the battle against the Amalekites has already been mentioned (Ex. 17:8-16). This prepared him for the battles he would see in Canaan. Joshua as “a young man” was a servant of Moses (Ex. 33:11). He remained nearest to Moses when the law was received at Mt. Sinai (Ex. 24:13; 32:17), and did not depart from the tent of meeting where the Lord would speak to Moses (Ex. 33:7-11). Joshua was one the twelve spies sent into the land of Canaan (Num. 13:8). More importantly he was one of the two who gave a faithful report, believing that God was able to bring Israel into the land, delivering its mighty inhabitants into their hands (Num. 14:6-10). For Joshua’s rebuke of the congregation’s lack of faith, they were ready to stone him, but God spared his life from the plague that killed the ten unfaithful spies, allowing him to live to enter the land of promise (Num. 14:10, 38-39; 32:12). This should be regarded as a badge of honor, for that faithless generation was often ready to stone Moses when the problem was their own evil hearts of unbelief.

Joshua spent time with Moses. He displayed the fortitude to stand as a leader. When Moses wanted to continue on and enter the land, the Lord instructed him not to keep speaking of entering the land, “But command Joshua, and encourage him and strengthen him; for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which you will see” (Deut. 3:28). We must be ready for transition in the Lord’s church. The roles we fill will not be filled by us forever. Instead of acting like we will always be around, we must spend time with the younger generation who will be our successors. We must encourage and strengthen them. They, like Joshua, must learn God’s word and not turn from it to the right or left (Josh. 1:7, 8). They must learn now to be strong and have courage to lead when we are gone (Josh. 1:6, 9).                   

-Mark Day

God sent Isaiah to faithfully proclaim the truth to people: truth that would make their hearts calloused, their ears dull, and their eyes shut (Isa. 6:8-10). Isaiah’s preaching repelled people. It drove them away; thus, Isaiah asked how long he would have to keep this up (v. 11). God told Isaiah to continue preaching the truth until the cities of Judah are destroyed and without inhabitants because the people have been sent into exile (v. 11). Isaiah was to continue preaching if even a tenth remained for God’s people would be like a tree hacked down to its stump (v. 13). Isaiah 11 shows that only after the tree was felled could a shoot one day spring up from the stump. God wanted His message preached even when seemingly everyone would resist it, defy it, and go to destruction.

When Jesus came into the world to declare the truth, He had a similar situation with certain people to whom He preached. They did not believe Him because He told the truth (Jn. 8:45). The truth was distinctly the reason why they refused to believe. So how was Jesus to respond? Did he soften up His message or offer them entertaining stories instead? No. Jesus continued making the truth known to all. He had already shown that if the multitudes left, He would not chase after them (Jn. 6:66). The few who continued to follow Him recognized, with Peter, that seeking some other teacher was futile, for Jesus had the words of eternal life (Jn. 6:68).

Jesus identified saving truth as God’s word (Jn. 17:17). Only following the truth—the word of the Lord—will make one a true disciple of Jesus and free from sin (Jn. 8:31-32).  Jesus is referred to as the Word in John 1. He is “full of grace and truth” (Jn. 1:14). He said plainly, “I am the way, the truth, and the life, No one comes to the Father except through Me” (Jn. 14:6). That’s the exclusivity of truth: there is no other way. Forfeiting truth to please the multitudes saves no one. Preachers must continue in the doctrine if they and those to whom they preach will be saved (1 Tim. 4:16). They must preach the word even when it is “out of season” and people turn their ears from the truth (2 Tim. 4:2-4).

Those who delight in unrighteousness suppress the truth (Rom. 1:18). Their lives and words are aimed at hindering the truth of the Gospel. However, we must not give up proclaiming the truth for we know that the only way for people to be saved is to come to a knowledge of it (1 Tim. 2:4). Though some may consider us enemies because we tell them the truth (Gal. 4:16), we must continue to speak the truth in love (Eph. 4:15). Some will not receive a love of the truth to be saved; thus, they will believe a lie and perish (2 Thess. 2:10)

God’s word will accomplish what He has intended (Isa. 55:10-11). Truth will thresh the wheat from the chaff, separating those who are honest from those who love unrighteousness. Jesus told us that even family members would be divided by whether or not to follow Him (Mt. 10:34-36). Yet, we must love and proclaim the truth even if all the world turns against us.

-Mark Day

            We pick up where we left off last month’s bulletin article concerning the Phoenicians unprecedented sea-faring abilities. In Homer’s writings, The Iliad and The Odyssey, the Phoenicians are described as a sea travelling people who were associated with the ancient practice of slave trade. Scholars have argued that Homer was just bias against the Phoenicians and that his claims were false. It is interesting that the Bible described the Phoenicians in the same exact way; seafarers and slave traders (Is. 23:1-4; Joel 3:4-6). The focus of this bulletin article will be the extent of their colonies/trade posts across the Mediterranean world.

            The first permanent settlement established by the Phoenicians was on the island of Cyprus, not far from the cities of Tyre and Sidon. Most historians believe that Canaanites (from whom Phoenicians descended) were trading with people of Cyprus as early as 1650 B.C., due to Cyprus’ abundant supply of copper. The Phoenicians clearly continued this trade. What archaeology has found is a major change in daily life and burial practices took place around 1100 B.C., which were not present on the island prior. A common Phoenician burial practice, that of burying an infant in a Levantine jar, has been unearthed at several locations on Cyprus. Burial practices are not easily changed; and these jars being found point to Phoenicians living on the island with the aboriginal people. The most compelling evidence for Phoenicians living on Cyprus is the temple of Kition, which is the largest Phoenician style temple found to date. This was not the only Phoenician temple on the island, but several have been found that follow the same design as temples in Tyre and Sidon. If we consider why the Phoenicians colonized or set up a trade post on Cyprus, it makes logical sense. If your nation revolves around open sea trade, would you not need places to break up a long journey? Cyprus seems to have been the ancient “truck stop” for Phoenician merchants trading around the Mediterranean Sea.

            Crete, home to the ancient civilization of the Minoans, was the next location to be inhabited by Phoenicians. The island of Crete has the largest number of Phoenician potteries in the Aegean world. A large cache of Phoenician storage potteries dated to 900 B.C. have been unearthed at Kommos, pointing to the probability that this site was used as a loading/unloading base for Phoenician goods. More solid evidence for Phoenicians inhabiting Crete is the remarkable Near-eastern metal workings found on the island. Bronze vessels and jewelry from Phoenicia or Syria have been found in several tombs on Crete. One bronze bowl, found at the Tekke tomb, had a Phoenician inscription etched into it that signified the person buried within was the owner of the bowl. The Cretans had their own language, why would they display their ownership of a bowl with a Phoenician inscription? Just like on Cyprus, archaeologists have also unearthed a drastic change in funerary rites and temple design that coincided with the dates of the Phoenician pottery and metal working being introduced. Phoenician cippus, which are stone funerary monuments, have been found on Crete. These funerary monuments have no parallel in Aegean funerary practices, which simply means Greeks did not bury their dead in this manner. Based on archaeological findings on this island, the evidence points that a Phoenician colony was established, and the residents lived peacefully with the indigenous population on the island. Ezekiel wrote this concerning Tyre’s domain, “Your borders are in the midst of the seas” (Ezek. 27:4). Both the island settlements at Cyprus and Crete show the accuracy of Ezekiel’s statement!

-Brandon Foresha

Yesterday I conducted a wedding. I have had very few opportunities to officiate at a wedding. The wedding yesterday brought me great joy to be a part of the joining of a man and a woman in marriage. You see, I performed the wedding of my mother and her fiancé. When I say I was a part in joining the man and woman together make no mistake, God does the joining (Matthew 19:6). However, mankind is required to obey the laws of the land (1 Peter 2:13-14) so long as those laws are not in conflict with the Law of God (Acts 5:29). The civil marriage law, in whatever country or locale, must be followed. However, since God has given marriage to man, it is God that sets the requirements or limitations for scriptural marriage and thus, joins a couple together.

Scriptural marriage is between a biological male and a biological female. It is sad that a person today must clarify this in today’s world. Many would make the claim that gender is fluid and a person can self-identify as male or female regardless of biology. Well folks, there are only two genders, and that is based on biological sex, male or female (Matthew 19:4). Also, this would exclude “homosexual marriages” which are not marriages in the Biblical sense of the word. As indicated at the beginning of the article, God sets the rules for marriage and from the beginning Scriptural marriage is between a man and a woman.

Scriptural marriage can be entered by one who has never been married. Marriage is a great blessing from God to man and the first divine institution (government and the church are the other two). After God made man “the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet (suitable – JDS) for him,” Genesis 2:18. The husband is to love his wife, the wife is to submit to her husband (Ephesians 5:22ff). They are “joined together,” literally “yoked together” indicating they are closely united and pulling together in things in life, whatever may come.

Scriptural marriage can be entered by one whose spouse had died. In Romans 7:2-3, Paul says, “For the woman which hath an husband is bound by the law to her husband so long as he liveth; but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from the law of her husband. So then if, while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she shall be called an adulteress: but if her husband be dead, she is free from that law; so that she is no adulteress, though she be married to another man.” While Paul is using marriage in this context as an illustration that the Jews are no longer under the Old Covenant and can, without “spiritual adultery,” be subject to the New Covenant, he teaches a marital truth. Those whose spouses have died are eligible to be remarried to another being loosed from their first marriage.

Scriptural marriage can be entered by one who has been scripturally married and scripturally divorced. This is the marital plague of our society today. Many believe that marriage is “just for now” or “until something better comes along.” They do not want to believe that marriage is the serious, lifelong covenant (Malachi 2:14) that it is. God has allowed one exception for scriptural divorce and remarriage, “And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it be for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery,” Matthew 19:9. The innocent party whose spouse has committed fornication (a sexual act) has the option (right) to divorce their mate and eventually marry another with God’s approval.

God’s marriage law is loving and strict. In the case of my mother and her boyfriend, I could perform their marriage ceremony because their spouses had died and they were free to marry. However, I have beloved family members whom I could not perform their wedding due to the circumstances they described of a divorce which God does not approve. Friend, God’s marriage law is for all mankind and must be obeyed.

-Jerry D. Sturgill

In Isaiah 58:1, the Lord instructs the prophet to deliver a forceful address of His people’s continued rebellion:

 “Cry aloud, spare not;

Lift up your voice like a trumpet;

Tell My people their transgression,

And the house of Jacob their sins.”

Such a bold condemnation of this people is somewhat surprising since verse 2 gives this description of them:

 “Yet they seek Me daily,

And delight to know My ways,

As a nation that did righteousness,

And did not forsake the ordinance of their God.

They ask of Me the ordinances of justice;

They take delight in approaching God.”

These were religious people; they delighted in approaching God in religious observances, hearing His ordinances read and praying to Him. Verse 3 even indicates they fasted and afflicted their souls. So where is the transgression God is powerfully condemning?  Verses 6 and 7 provide the answer; God asks:

“Is this not the fast that I have chosen:

To loose the bonds of wickedness,

To undo the heavy burdens,

To let the oppressed go free,

And that you break every yoke?

Is it not to share your bread with the hungry,

And that you bring to your house the poor who are cast out;

When you see the naked, that you cover him,

And not hide yourself from your own flesh?”

Religious observances are of no value if a man will not love his neighbor and help the needy (Lk. 10:27-37). Jesus warned of the condemnation coming on the scribes and Pharisees who outwardly appeared so religious but devoured the poor and needy (Mt. 23:1-33; Mk. 12:38-40; Lk. 20:45-47). Indeed, Jesus will judge us regarding our treatment of those in need (Mt. 25:31-46) God identifies with the vulnerable in society. He describes Himself as a helper of the helpless and fatherless (Psa. 10:14; 68:5).  Thus, if we give to the poor, we give to our Maker and please Him (Prov. 14:31; 19:17). Isaiah was crying out against individuals who observed special days of fasting and religious activities, but were exploiting their workers (Isa. 58:3). Later, to the same stripe of people, God asked through Zechariah if their fasting was really for Him, for if their religion was really for pleasing the Lord then it would include showing kindness to the widow, the fatherless, the sojourner, and the poor (Zech. 7:4-10). Phony religion is easy to practice and easy to find all around us, but, “Pure and undefiled religion before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their trouble, and to keep oneself unspotted from the world” (Jas. 1:27).

–Mark Day

Abraham’s herdsmen and Lot’s herdsmen had a conflict over grassland available for the livestock. Abraham said to Lot, “Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren” (Gen. 13:8). Even though Abraham, through his seniority, could have claimed his rights to choose the land he thought best for his flocks, he chose rather to give Lot first choice of where he would go. If Lot went left, he would go right and vice-versa (Gen. 13:9). There are situations in life that call for me to be the bigger person and accommodate my brethren for the sake of peace. While sin and false teaching can never be tolerated (Gal. 2:4-5; 1 Tim. 5:20), there are areas in life where the Lord has given us liberty to differ. This liberty (freedom of choice) must not be asserted in such a way that it becomes a stumbling block to others (1 Cor. 8:9) Rather, liberty gives us the freedom to serve through love (1 Cor. 9:19; Gal. 5:13; 1 Pet. 2:16).

In Romans 14:1-15:7, Paul addressed matters of judgment such as eating of meats and keeping certain days. These were not to be bound on others as requirements of salvation. If a brother in Christ had scruples regarding eating meats, then brethren who recognized there was nothing unclean in eating meats should not despise the brother that had such scruples and insist on eating meat (Rom. 14:10-15). Instead of doubtful disputations over meat (Rom. 14:1), when the kingdom of God is not meat and drink (v. 17), the inspired apostle redirects the brethren by writing, “Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another” (v.19).

The past few months have introduced changes to our usual worship routines. While we follow the New Testament’s instructions to come together to worship in the Lord’s supper (Acts 20:7; 1 Cor. 11:17-26), singing (Eph. 5:19; Col. 3:16), praying (1 Cor. 14:15-17), preaching (Acts 20:7), and giving (1 Cor. 16:1-2), there is a tendency for brethren to have strife over where they are sitting in the auditorium, how the elements of the Lord’s supper are packaged and distributed, and whether or not a mask is worn. Sometimes there is strife between congregations on the different procedures each congregation has chosen to implement as the church assembles to worship. Let us remember to pursue peace with our brethren. The kingdom of God is not in these incidental details. Each congregation of the Lord’s church is autonomous. A plurality of elders (also referred to as overseers and shepherds in the NT) serve among each local congregation to look after the members (Acts 14:23; Titus 1:5-7; Philippians 1:1; 1 Peter 5:1-4). An elder of one congregation should not tell another congregation how to conduct their affairs in the realm of judgment. There is no Scriptural precedent for such.

Jesus said, “Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God” (Matt. 5:9). The Lord’s people are to pursue peace with one another; this includes allowing differences in the realm of judgment. In this way energy may be focused on growing closer to God and bringing the Gospel to the lost so they can obey it and have peace with God. Let us all be peacemakers.

-Mark Day

Who were the people of Tyre and Sidon we read about in the Old Testament? There are a few notable characters who hailed from this region of Palestine. When Solomon began building the Temple, Hiram king of Tyre provided the cedar (2 Chron. 2:1-11). Jezebel was a princess of Sidon, who violently opposed God’s people and persecuted His prophets (1 Kgs. 16:31). Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, and Byblos were the major city-states that made up the Phoenician nation. These city-states were autonomous, meaning they ruled themselves. Though they jointly made up the Phoenician civilization, they were not under a centralized kingdom. In this bulletin article I want to examine where the Phoenicians came from and how the Bible, history, and archaeology work together to give the full account of these people.

Little is recorded about the Phoenicians until Israel is established because the Phoenicians were the remnant of the Canaanites expelled by Joshua. The most likely outcome was the Canaanites who survived the conquest banded together at strongholds just outside Israelite control. The tribe of Asher was given much of the coastal land as inheritance, but the city of Tyre was a boundary for their territory (Josh. 19:29). Simply put, the Phoenicians are the nation that arose after the Canaanite tribes were removed. When Israel conquered Canaan, they notoriously forsook God and went after the false gods of the land. They served the Baals and Ashtoreths, which were the deities of the Canaanites (Judg. 2:10-23). Fast-forward to the Phoenician Jezebel who hailed from the city-state of Sidon. Which deities did her people worship? Jezebel financed and fed the prophets of Baal and Ashtoreths (1 Kgs. 18:19). Her own father’s name is Ethbaal (1 Kgs. 16:31). Do not think of the Phoenicians as a new nation in Canaan, but as a continuance of the local people in the promised land. God commanded the Israelites to utterly destroy the Canaanites, Israel did not, and the Phoenicians were a result (Deut. 20:16-18).

The city-states that made up Phoenicia were by no means strong militarily. In fact, Tyre’s tactic when war came to their land was to retreat from the coastal city to an island off the coast that was easier to defend. This tactic was successful in resisting the Babylonians (Ezek. 29:17-20), not so successful against Alexander the Great (Ezek. 26:12). War was not the tool utilized by the Phoenicians in expanding their borders. What set the Phoenicians apart from every other nation in antiquity was their unparalleled sea trade and travel. The Bible describes the Phoenicians as the seafaring traders of the ancient world (Is. 23:1-12; Ezek. 27). Their location in Palestine not only placed them on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, but provided them with the best lumber for ship building. While studying, you may have run across the cedars of Lebanon. These cedars were highly valued by all nations around the Mediterranean. The nations who had an abundance of these cedars were wealthy (1 Kgs. 10:27). The Phoenicians put this highly sought-after lumber to use by creating ships that could sail the open sea. Other seafaring civilizations, such as the ancient Greeks were not able to sail in open water. They would instead sail the coastline or hop from island to island. The Phoenicians were not restrained to the coastline, but could sail wherever they desired. This gave them the ability to trade with and colonize places as far as Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, and southern France.

Next month, my bulletin article will continue to examine the Phoenicians and their importance to the ancient world.

-Brandon Foresha